ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE [AI] IS NOT USED, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, IN PREPARING NYPPL SUMMARIES OF JUDICIAL AND QUASI-JUDICIAL DECISIONS

March 30, 2015

Employer not liable for its employee’s off-duty misconduct outside the scope of his or her employment or not in furtherance of the employer’s business


Employer not liable for its employee’s off-duty misconduct outside the scope of his or her employment or not in furtherance of the employer’s business
2015 NY Slip Op 02560, Appellate Division, First Department

The Administrator of the Estate of an individual shot by an off-duty New York City police officer after a "road rage" related altercation sued the City for alleged negligent training and instruction of the officer involved in the incident.

Supreme Court held that the off-duty police office’s act of shooting the decedent as the result of “road rage” was a private, intentional act that occurred outside the scope of his employment as a police officer.

The Appellate Division agreed, ruling that any alleged deficiencies in the City's training and instruction of its police officers could not have been the  proximate cause of the decedent's injuries.

In another case involving alleged off-duty misconduct, Jane Doe v New York City Department of Education, 2015 NY Slip Op 02433, it was undisputed that a teacher and a student had engaged in unlawful sexual intercourse after school hours. The Appellate Division, however, rejected the student’s argument that the New York City Board of Education was vicarious liable for the teacher’s misconduct as the alleged sexual intercourse with the student was not in furtherance of school business and was outside the scope of the teacher's employment.

The decision is posted on the Internet at:

The Doe decision is posted on the Internet at:


March 29, 2015

Those concerned with employment related litigation in the public sector may be interested in some of the LawBlogs listed by Justia


Those concerned with employment related litigation the public sector may be interested in some of the LawBlogs listed by Justia

Justia currently tracks the readership of 6,098 Lawblogs in 74 subcategories, ranking the most popular based on the number of visits to the Blawg from the BlawgSearch search engine and directory listing pages. For example,
 
“Administrative Law” Blawgs are listed at:

“Employment Law” Blawgs are listed at:

 “Government Law” Blawgs are listed at:

In addition, Blawgs with a “New York State” Focus are listed at:

Featured Blawgers are chosen by editorial selection of the BlawgSearch team.

March 28, 2015

Selected reports and information published by New York State's Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli during the week ending March 28, 2015


Selected reports and information published by New York State's Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli during the week ending March 28, 2015
Click on text highlighted in color  to access the full report

Comptroller DiNapoli Releases School Audits New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli announced his office completed audits of the:






New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli and Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr. encouraged Bronx residents to search for forgotten money belonging to them at Bronx Borough Hall. More than 444,000 accounts valued at nearly $245 million are owed to Bronx residents.

The State’s Abandoned Property Law requires banks, insurance companies, utilities, and other businesses to turn dormant savings accounts, unclaimed insurance and stock dividends, and other inactive holdings over to the State. If there has been no activity in the account for a set period of time, usually between two and five years, the money or property is considered unclaimed or abandoned. Although Section 1402 of the Abandoned Property Law has a $20 threshold for such listing, the Comptroller uses a "$50 threshold” for the listings on his Internet website.

 How much money is being held in the Fund? There are 31 million unclaimed funds accounts statewide valued at $13 billion.

 Readers are able to search for and claim money held in the Abandoned Property Fund with the Comptroller’s user friendly online claiming system or by calling the toll-free call center at 1-800-221-9311 to speak with English or Spanish-speaking representatives from 8:00 a.m. through 4:30 p.m.



State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli and Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman announced the guilty plea of Thomas Capuano, the former Commissioner of the Department of Public Works of the city of Rensselaer Department of Public Works, for teaming with two DPW employees to divert $46,000 from the city by pocketing the cash from scrap metals acquired as part of their jobs with the city.



Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli and Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman announced the guilty plea of Roger Burlew, former Highway Superintendent for the Town of Erin, in a public corruption case involving the theft of more than $65,000 in goods and services from the town. Burlew entered a guilty plea before The Honorable James Hayden in Chemung County Court to the charge of Grand Larceny in the Second Degree, a Class C Felony. As part of a plea agreement, Burlew will be sentenced to six months of incarceration and a period of five years of probation. Burlew will also pay $65,000 in restitution to cover the cost of what was stolen.



New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli announced that United States Steel Corporation has agreed to the New York State Common Retirement Fund’s request that it publicly report its corporate political spending. As a result of the agreement, the Fund withdrew a shareholder proposal it had filed for consideration at the Fortune 500 company’s annual meeting. The Fund holds approximately 907,577 shares of U. S. Steel with an estimated value of $20 million.

March 27, 2015

Some guidelines followed by courts in deciding appeals from adverse out-of-title employee grievances


Some guidelines followed by courts in deciding appeals from adverse out-of-title employee grievances
New York State Corr. Officers & Police Benevolent Assn., Inc. v Governor's Off. of Empl. Relations, 2015 NY Slip Op 02543, Appellate Division, Third Department

Civil Service Law §61(2) provides, in relevant part, that "no person shall be assigned to perform the duties of any position unless he [or she] has been duly appointed, promoted, transferred or reinstated to such position in accordance with [the statute] and the rules prescribed thereunder. An out-of-title work assignment exists when an employee has been assigned or compelled to perform the duties of a higher grade, without a concomitant increase in pay, frequently, recurrently and for long periods of time"

A Safety and Security Officer 2 (SSO2), a salary grade 15 position, was advised that he would assume the duties of the Chief Safety and Security Officer (CSSO), a salary grade 20 position, at the facility upon the incumbent CSSO’s transfer to another facility. SSO2 was also told that he would be serving as the "Acting Chief" at that facility, an unofficial job title is not formally recognized by the Department of Civil Service.

The SSO2, alleging that he had performed the duties ordinarily assigned to the CSSO, filed an out-of-title work grievance seeking additional compensation for the duties he performed in his capacity as the facility's CSSO. Ultimately, the grievance proceeded to Step 3 to be considered by the Governor’s Office of Employee Relations [GOER].

Based on the limited duties listed in SSO2’s grievance form, the Division of Classification and Compensation of the Department of Civil Service (C & C) recommended that GEOR deny the grievance based on its finding that the work SSO2 was performing, in the absence of the CSSO, “either fell within the duties of an SSO2 or were a reasonable and logical outgrowth of those duties.

GOER adopted C & C’s recommendation and SSO2 initiated a CPLR Article 78 proceeding seeking a court order annulling GOER's determination. Supreme Court dismissed SSO2’s application, which ruling was appealed to the Appellate Division.

The Appellate Division affirmed the lower court’s decision. Citing CSL §61(2) the court explained that “An employee is not necessarily performing out-of-title work by fulfilling some overlapping functions of an absent supervisor, if those functions are substantially similar to duties listed in the classification standard for the employee's title.” In determining if the prohibition against out-of-title work has been violated, courts look "at the similarities between the duties assigned and those customarily performed by the employee, the extent to which the employee exercised the full range of duties of the higher level position, and whether the duties actually performed could be characterized as a reasonable extension of the employee's in-title duties."

Confining its review of the list of tasks performed by SSO2 set forth in his grievance form and not considering the expanded list of duties recited in the SSO2's underlying petition and SSO2’s affidavit in support his claim, the Appellate Division said that it must decide this matter based on the record that was before GOER and C & C. Finding that such record provided a rational basis for GOER's determination and that GOER’s determination was not arbitrary or capricious, the Appellate Division dismissed SSO2’s appeal.

SSO2 also contended that C & C and GOER acted arbitrarily and irrationally by deciding his grievance differently than that of another Safety and Security Officer 2 who was assigned to serve as the Acting CSSO at a different facility. However, this other Safety and Security Officer 2 asserted on her grievance form that she performed many more of the CSSO duties and stated that she, among other things,” supervised all 28 employees of her safety department across all three shifts.”

Considering this enhanced information, said the court, the record substantiates GOER’s' assertions that the facts presented by those two individuals were different, rationally leading to different outcomes.

The decision is posted on the Internet at:

March 26, 2015

The employer may reject the findings and recommendations of a hearing officer if its decision is supported by substantial evidence


The employer may reject the findings and recommendations of a hearing officer if its decision is supported by substantial evidence
2015 NY Slip Op 02474, Appellate Division, Second Department

The Fire District’s Board of Commissioners rejected the recommendation of a hearing officer and denied a firefighter’s application for benefits pursuant to General Municipal Law §207-a(2).

The Appellate Division sustained the Board’s decision, explaining that it was entitled to make a finding contrary to the hearing officer's recommendation as long as substantial evidence supported the determination. The court said that the Board was free to credit the expert of the Fire District over the firefighter's expert so long as testimony of the Fire District's expert was consistent and supported by the medical evidence.

Noting that judicial review of an administrative determination made after a hearing required by law is limited to whether the determination is supported by substantial evidence, the Appellate Division said that "Substantial evidence means more than a mere scintilla of evidence, and the test of whether substantial evidence exists in a record is one of rationality, taking into account all the evidence on both sides."

Further, said the court, "When there is conflicting evidence or different inferences may be drawn, the duty of weighing the evidence and making the choice rests solely upon the [administrative agency]” and the courts may not weigh the evidence or reject the choice made by the administrative agency where “the evidence is conflicting and room for choice exists."

Finding that the Board's determination was supported by substantial evidence, the Appellate Division confirm the Board’s rejection of the firefighter’s application for GML §207-a(2) benefits.

The decision is posted on the Internet at:


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Subsequent court and administrative rulings, or changes to laws, rules and regulations may have modified or clarified or vacated or reversed the decisions summarized here. Accordingly, these summaries should be Shepardized® or otherwise checked to make certain that the most recent information is being considered by the reader.
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NYPPL Blogger Harvey Randall served as Principal Attorney, New York State Department of Civil Service; Director of Personnel, SUNY Central Administration; Director of Research, Governor’s Office of Employee Relations; and Staff Judge Advocate General, New York Guard. Consistent with the Declaration of Principles jointly adopted by a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and Associations, the material posted to this blog is presented with the understanding that neither the publisher nor NYPPL and, or, its staff and contributors are providing legal advice to the reader and in the event legal or other expert assistance is needed, the reader is urged to seek such advice from a knowledgeable professional.
New York Public Personnel Law. Email: publications@nycap.rr.com