An electronic resource for law enforcement personnel, attorneys and others involved in law enforcement

An electronic resource for law enforcement personnel, attorneys and others involved in law enforcement

AELE provides unique resource for those involved in law enforcement, providing free publications and online back issues since 2000. It has a searchable library of more than 33,000 case digests organized into 700 + indexed topics. There are no advertisements, tracking "cookies" or popups on its website and users do not have to preregister. There is no time limit on research sessions and the contents of AELE’s online law library may be copied and pasted, saved or printed (except for commercial purposes).

AELE encourages readers to sign up for its e-mail alerts at http://www.aele.org/e-signup.html 

AELE also has a free search tool [http://www.aele.org/htdig/common/search.html] covering its database of more than 33,000 case summaries and offers access to its more than 33,000 case summaries, divided into 700 + topics.

1. Law enforcement civil liability at http://www.aele.org/law/Digests/civilmenu.html
2. Employment law and discipline at http://www.aele.org/law/Digests/emplmenu.html
3. Jail and prisoner legal issues at http://www.aele.org/law/Digests/jailmenu.html

The following items were posted in AELE’s May issue:

1. Article: Power Down: Tasers, the Fourth Amendment and Police Accountability, 91 N.C. Law Rev. 606 (Jan. 2013).

View at http://www.nclawreview.org/documents/91/2/mance.pdf

2. A new article appears in the AELE Monthly Law Journal.

* Public Protection -- Part One: The Physically Ill

Police officers inevitably run into individuals who are seriously ill, such as heart attacks, strokes, epileptic seizures, diabetic incidents, and any number of other health emergencies in which the lack of swift action may all too often mean the difference between life and death or permanent impairment and disability.

View at http://www.aele.org/law/2013-05MLJ101.html

3. The May 2013 issues of AELE's three periodicals have been uploaded.

The current issues, back issues since 2000, case digests since 1975, and a search engine are FREE. Everyone is welcome to read, print or download AELE publications without charge. The main menu is at: http://www.aele.org/law

*** Law Enforcement Liability Reporter ***

Nine cases are discussed in this issue, including false arrest, firearms related, restraint asphyxia, photographing an officer making an arrest, immigration issues and search & seizure.

View at http://www.aele.org/law/2013all05/LR2013MAY.html

*** Fire, Police & Corrections Personnel Reporter ***

Ten cases are discussed in this issue, including disability claims, Weingarten rights, standby pay, pensions, retaliation, exclusionary rule, and other issues.

View at http://www.aele.org/law/2013all05/FP2013MAY.html

*** Jail and Prisoner Law Bulletin ***

Ten cases are discussed in this issue, including inmate orthopedic shoes, classification as a Mexican Mafia member, fatal drug interactions, a Ponzi scheme, religious hairstyles, retaliation, punitive segregation, sexual assault and workers compensation.

View at http://www.aele.org/law/2013all05/JB2013MAY.html

4. Selected criminal law and procedure cases are at two other free websites.

http://www.fletc.gov/training/programs/legal-division/the-informer/informer-editions-2012/and http://www.kenwallentine.com/Xiphos.html

Agency required to comply with its own procedures in processing a disciplinary action

Agency required to comply with its own procedures in processing a disciplinary action
Hassan v New York City Dept. of Correction, 2013 NY Slip Op 02686, Appellate Division, First Department

In this appeal of a CPLR Article 78 decision by Supreme Court that sustained the New York City Department of Correction’s [DOC] finding that the individual [Appellant] was guilty of certain charges, the Appellant conceded that the Hearing Officer’s determination was supported by substantial evidence.

Rather, Appellant contended, the record before the Supreme Court was defective because it was incomplete in that it lacked a record of the disciplinary hearing, DOC’s answer, and a written statement by a Correction Officer that the Hearing Officer was required to show Appellant as required by “DOC Directive 6500R-B(III)(C)(25) and (26).”

The Appellate Division agreed, explaining that “it cannot be determined on this record whether the Hearing Officer's failure to show [Appellant] the written statement by [the Correction Officer] prejudiced Appellant's defense.

Accordingly, said the court, it was remanding the matter to Supreme Court and directed DOC “to submit an answer pursuant to CPLR 7804(d) and any appropriate submissions pursuant to CPLR 7804(e), including a record of the hearing and a written witness statement [by the Correction Officer].”

The ruling further provides that after DOC made such submissions to Supreme Court, Supreme Court is to determine if the failure to provide Appellant with these writings “was harmless error.”

The decision is posted on the Internet at:

http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2013/2013_02686.htm

A state may deny access to records available to its citizens pursuant to its Freedom of Information Law to individuals not citizens of that state who make a FOIL request for such records

A state may deny access to records available to its citizens pursuant to its Freedom of Information Law to individuals not citizens of that state who make a FOIL request for such records

McBurney Et Al. v. Young, Deputy Commissioner and Director, Virginia Division of Child Support Enforcement, Et Al.U.S. Supreme Court 14-7206

A challenge to Virginia's Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), which grants only citizens of Virginia access to all public records, does not violate the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution was rejected by U.S. Supreme Court, affirming the ruling by the Court of Appeals, 4^thCircuit.

Mark J. McBurney and Roger W. Hurlbert, respectively citizens of Rhode Island and California, each requested documents under the Virginia FOIA. Their requests were denied because of their citizenship although such documents would have been provided to them had they been citizens of Virginia.

The court explained that Virginia’s Freedom of Information Act “does not regulate commerce in any meaningful sense, but instead provides a service that is related to state citizenship.” Accordingly, said the court, it did not violate any provision set out in the U.S. Constitution when it refused to furnish certain information otherwise available to citizens of Virginia that it denied the McBurney plaintiffs.

In the words of the court: Under the Privileges and Immunities Clause, "[t]he Citizens of each State [are] entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States." U. S. Constitution, Article IV, §2, Clause. 1. We have said that "[t]he object of the Privileges and Immunities Clause is to 'strongly . . . constitute the citizens of the United States [as] one people,' by 'plac[ing] the citizens of each State upon the same footing with citizens of other States, so far as the advantages resulting from citizenship in those States are concerned.' "… This does not mean, we have cautioned, that ‘state citizenship or residency may never be used by a State to distinguish among persons.’ … Nor must a State always apply all its laws or all its services equally to anyone, resident or nonresident, who may request it so to do."

The Supreme Court concluded that “Virginia's citizens-only FOIA provision neither abridges any of McBurney's or Hurlbert's fundamental privileges and immunities nor impermissibly regulates commerce,” thus the constitutional claims advanced by McBurney and Hurlbert failed.

The decision is posted on the Internet at:

http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-17_d1o2.pdf

An employee is entitled to be defended at the employer’s expense notwithstanding that their action “while discharging their duties” violated a law, rule or regulation

An employee is entitled to be defended at the employer’s expense notwithstanding that their action “while discharging their duties” violated a law, rule or regulation

The Court of Appeals ruled that employees of the New York City Department of Education [DOE] who are sued for using corporal punishment are entitled to a defense provided by the City notwithstanding the fact that the employees' conduct violated a State regulation.

Both employees, paraprofessionals serving with the New York City schools, were defendants in civil suits brought by students who alleged that the employees hit them.

Although the employees do not dispute that the actions they were found to have committed violated a Rule of the Board of Regents, 8 NYCRR 19.5 (a), which prohibits corporal punishment, they asked the City to defend them in the civil actions brought against them.

The City of New York rejected their requests for it to defend them in the civil lawsuits. Supreme Court held that the City should provide for their defense; the Appellate Division reversed the Supreme Court’s ruling. The Court of Appeals reversed the Appellate Division’s determination.

The employees contended that they were entitled to having the City provide for their defense pursuant to Education Law §3028, which provides:

"Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of any general, special or local law, or the limitations contained in the provisions of any city charter, each board of education, trustee or trustees in the state shall provide an attorney or attorneys for, and pay such attorney's fees and expenses necessarily incurred in the defense of a teacher, member of a supervisory or administrative staff or employee . . . in any civil or ciminal [sic] action or proceeding arising out of disciplinary action taken against any pupil of the district while in the discharge of his duties within the scope of his employment . . ." (Emphasis supplied by the Court of Appeals).

The court said the controlling issue is whether the actions that resulted in the students' lawsuits against the employees were taken "while in the discharge of [their] duties within the scope of [their] employment," as required by §3028. Although the City conceded that the employees were acting within the scope of their employment, it argued that the statutory words "discharge of . . . duties" have a more restrictive meaning, and that an employee who is violating his or her employer's regulations cannot be acting in the "discharge of [her] duties."

The Court of Appeals rejected the City's argument, explaining that "Scope of employment," "discharge of duties" and similar phrases have long been regarded as interchangeable, citing Joseph v City of Buffalo, 83 NY2d 141. Accordingly, the court concluded that the authors of Education Law §3028 “intended to provide a defense even where an employee's use of corporal punishment violated regulations.”

In the words of the Court of Appeals, “Section 3028 requires the City to provide an attorney not just in civil, but also in criminal cases — suggesting that the Legislature wanted even employees who engaged in highly questionable conduct to be defended at public expense. If the 1960 Legislature meant to exclude cases in which corporal punishment was forbidden by regulation — as it was in New York City when §3028 was enacted — it could have done so explicitly.”

The decision is silent with respect to the indemnification of the employees in the event either or both employees are held liable for damages in the civil actions giving rise to these appeals

The decision is posted on the Internet at:

http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2013/2013_02775.htm

Selected reports and information published by New York State's Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli

Selected reports and information published by New York State's Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli

Issued during the week ending April 18, 2013 [Click on text highlighted in bold to access the full report] 


DiNapoli Audit Finds $7.7 Million in Questionable Charges by Special Education Providers

The Lake Grove School and the Mountain Lake Children’s Residence, two special education providers run by the same company, overcharged taxpayers by as much as $7.7 million over a four–year period, according to an auditreleased Friday by New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli.

DiNapoli: State’s Brownfield Cleanup Program Needs To Reach More Sites; Be More Cost–Effective

The New York State Legislature should examine options to restructure the state’s primary program to revitalize contaminated properties – the Brownfield Cleanup Program – in order to fully achieve the important economic, public health and environmental goals set when the program was created, according to a reportreleased Monday by State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli.

DiNapoli Supports Lobbying Disclosure and Independent Director Proposals at Peabody Energy

New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli Tuesday announced support for two shareholder proposals at Peabody Energy Corporation’s annual meeting on April 29 calling for Peabody to disclose corporate lobbying expenses and to require the chairman of the board to be an independent director.

DiNapoli Refers Investigation of Substance Abuse Provider to U.S. Attorney

Phoenix Houses of New York, Inc. provided inappropriate perks to its executives exceeding $223,000 while under contract with the Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services, according to a reportreleased Wednesday by State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli. DiNapoli referred the findings to U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara’s office for review.

Selected reports and information published by New York State's Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli

Selected reports and information published by New York State's Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli

Issued during the week ending April 26, 2013 [Click on text highlighted in bold to access the full report] 

Bloomingburg Joint Fire District – Internal Controls Over Financial Operations (Sullivan County)
The district board did not ensure that disbursements were made for authorized district purposes. The board did not adequately segregate duties or implement sufficient compensating controls. The district treasurer performs all aspects of the cash disbursements process – including preparing the monthly abstracts; printing, signing, and mailing the checks; and preparing the bank reconciliations – without sufficient oversight by the board.

Village of Depew – Internal Controls Over Capital Projects (Erie County)
Auditors found significant problems with the accounting for and reporting of capital project activity as well as the use of certain debt proceeds. The village did not maintain capital project records in a manner that readily provides information about actual resources committed and expenditures incurred throughout the course of each project, which often span two or more fiscal years.

Essex County Probation Department – Internal Controls Over Financial Operations (2013M-38)
County and department officials had not established an adequate system of internal controls over the department’s financial operations. As a result, cash receipts were not properly accounted for, secured, and deposited in a timely manner. The department’s failure to establish policies and procedures regarding DWI administrative fees has resulted in an inequitable assessment of fees to probationers and a lack of enforcement of inactive probationers’ delinquent accounts. For example, we found that 89 inactive probationers owe at least $9,710, but as much as $58,260, to the county for unpaid fees.

Essex County Sheriff’s Department – Internal Controls Over Cash Receipts and Disbursements (2013M-35)
Although the department established a money-handling policy in April 2012, cash receipts and disbursements were not processed in accordance with the policy. Auditors found the civil clerk performed virtually all financial duties without sufficient oversight or other mitigating controls. Bail and civil office cash receipts were not properly accounted for, secured, and deposited in a timely manner. Also, the department’s computer system allowed for the ability to modify and delete financial transactions, creating the opportunity for the manipulation and concealment of transactions.

Town of Johnsburg – Management Oversight and Online Banking (Warren County)
The town board did not adequately design, implement, or monitor internal controls over the town’s financial activities. The board did not conduct an annual audit of the records of officials and employees who receive and disburse cash. The town supervisor has not adequately segregated the bookkeeper’s online banking duties. Also, the town has not established a confirmation process with its bank for online transfers of town moneys.

Town of North Castle – Cash Disbursement (Westchester County)
Internal controls over cash disbursement are appropriately designed and operating effectively with the exception of bank reconciliations, which have not been prepared since May 2012. Because the town’s deposits total $26 million, the lack of bank reconciliations creates a risk that errors or fraudulent transactions could occur without detection.

Town of Owego Fire District – Board Oversight (Tioga County)
The district board did not audit and approve claims after the transactions occurred and prior to the treasurer paying those claims. Although the board did ensure that the goods purchased were for district purposes, they could not be sure that the amounts paid were aligned with its previously established expectations. In addition, district officials could not account for more than 50 percent of fuel delivered to two of the three district fire stations.

Rescue Fire Company, Inc. – Unaccounted-For Bar Receipts (Niagara County)
All four bar committee members had unmonitored access to the safe where the cash from bar operations was stored.  The board did not require bar committee members to have a second member present while conducting cash counts or adding or removing cash from the safe. Company officials said over the last several years, the bar committee chairman was able to divert cash from the cash register in the bar without their knowledge.

Village of Village of the Branch – Internal Controls Over Financial Operations (Suffolk County)
The village building inspector did not take an oath of office and, as generally required of a village officer, does not reside within the village. In addition, the village and the inspector have entered into a contract, which provides for an annual fee for basic services of $8,000 plus 50 percent of certain permit fees. During the audit period, the inspector received $84,197, nearly $73,000 of which was based on fees collected for building permits.  Because there is no cap on the amount of fees paid to the building inspector, the village cannot know whether the inspector’s compensation is excessive in any given year.

Beacon City School District – Budget Review (Dutchess County)
Auditors found that the significant revenue and expenditure projections in the preliminary budget are reasonable. The district’s proposed budget complies with the property tax levy limit.

Chenango Valley Central School District – Budget Review (Broome County)
Auditors found that the significant revenue and expenditure projections in the proposed budget are reasonable. The district’s proposed budget complies with the property tax levy limit.

Fairport Central School District – Financial Condition and Capital Improvement Project Expenditures (Monroe County)
The district’s budgeting practices have generated repeated operating surpluses and withheld significant funds from productive use. From fiscal year 2007-08 through 2011-12, the district generated net surpluses totaling $15.8 million, an average of $3.2 million in each year. Auditors also found we found that officials did not solicit proposals for $2.7 million in capital improvement project -related services, as required by the district policy.

Monroe-Woodbury Central School District (Orange County)
Auditors found that the significant revenue and expenditure projections in the proposed budget are reasonable. The district’s proposed budget complies with the property tax levy limit.

Oppenheim-Ephratah Central School District – Business Office Operations (Fulton County)
Auditors found the district established adequate internal controls over business office operations. Board policies and written procedures have been developed and adhered to by staff for cash receipts and disbursements, payroll, purchasing, and claims processing. Further, district officials developed appropriate segregation of duties amongst business office staff where possible and also implemented various reviews of the work performed as mitigating controls.

  ================================

For access to state and local government spending and more than 60,000 state contracts, visit http://www.openbooknewyork.com/. The easy-to-use website was created by Comptroller DiNapoli to promote openness in government and provide taxpayers with better access to the financial workings of government.

Judge removed from his position for cause notwithstanding his earlier resignation from the position

Judge removed from his position for cause notwithstanding his earlier resignation from the position

A former Judge [Judge] appealed a determination of the State Commission on Judicial Conduct in which the Commission had sustained a single charge of judicial misconduct against him and determined that he should be removed from office (see NYS Constitution, Article VI, §22; Judiciary Law §44[1]).

The Judge had earlier resigned from his position after admitting to certain conduct that he characterized as “indefensible” that occurred 40 years earlier.

Notwithstanding the Judge’s resignation, the Commission continued the proceeding and ultimately sustained the charge* and ordered Judge’s removal, finding that his admission, standing alone provided a sufficient basis for the determination.**

Citing Matter of Going, 97 NY2d 121 and Matter of Aldrich, 58 NY2d 279, the Court of Appeals affirmed the Commission’s action, explaining that it measures “the necessity for removal ‘with due regard to the fact that judges must be held to a higher standard of conduct than the public at large’ as even ‘relatively slight improprieties subject the judiciary as a whole to public criticism and rebuke, it is essential that we consider’ the effect of the Judge's conduct on and off the Bench upon public confidence in his [or her] character and judicial temperament."

The Court said that it agreed with the Commission that Judge's admissions, by themselves, were sufficient to warrant the finding of judicial misconduct. The admitted conduct undermined the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary and therefore, said the court, rendered Judge unfit for judicial office.

Noting that “[I]t is troubling that the petition is based solely on conduct that occurred 40 years ago —- 13 years before [Judge] was elevated to the bench,” the Court of Appeals said that the misconduct alleged is grave by any standard.

Accordingly, said the court, the determined sanction of removal should be accepted and Judge removed from the office of Judge.

* Two Commission members dissented in part on the ground that Judge had removed himself from his judgeship by resigning and that his post-resignation removal proceedings "served no purpose" in this case.

** Similarly, 4 NYCRR 5.3(b) which applies to employees in the classified service of the State and public authorities, public benefit corporations and other agencies for which the Civil Service Law is administered by the State Department of Civil Service, provides:provides, in pertinent part, “…when charges of incompetency or misconduct have been or are about to be filed against an employee, the appointing authority may elect to disregard a resignation filed by such employee and to prosecute such charges and, in the event that such employee is found guilty of such charges and dismissed from the service, his termination shall be recorded as a dismissal rather than as a resignation.” Many local civil service commissions have adopted a similar provision.

The decision is posted on the Internet at:

http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2013/2013_02773.htm